What is Tex-Mex?

The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through Cofetel (Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones). The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country’s resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. The World Bank reported in 2023 that the country’s gross national income in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America after Brazil at US$1,744,711.4 million. As of April 2025, Mexico has the 15th largest nominal GDP (US$1.693 trillion), the 13th largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) (US$3.396 trillion), and a PPP-adjusted GDP per capita of US$25,463. The Mexican Federal Police was dissolved in 2019 by a constitutional amendment during the administration of President López Obrador, being replaced by the National Guard, a national gendarmerie formed from units and assets of the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police. Mexico is a founding member of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the OPANAL and the CELAC.

Wilson ordered troops to occupy the strategic port of Veracruz in 1914, which was lifted. Republican administration of Taft supported the Huerta coup against Madero, but when Democrat Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as president in March 1913, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s regime and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists. The Mexican Revolution starting in 1910 saw a decade of civil war, the “wind that swept Mexico.” But his announcement set off a frenzy of political activity, including the unlikely candidacy of the scion of a rich landowning family, Francisco I. Madero. Political opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for a new generation of leaders. As the centennial of independence approached, Díaz gave an interview where he https://lunarcapital.team/ said he was not going to run in the 1910 elections, when he would be 80.

October 16th 2024 marks the 115th anniversary of the first summit meeting, in 1909, between the presidents of Mexico and the United States. The small lakeside town of Chapala in Jalisco had more buildings designed by notable architects in the first half of the twentieth century than any other location of its size in Mexico, perhaps even in North America. You palm the warm disc and spoon chili along the middle bend. The project aimed to integrate historically under-served neighborhoods with the city’s sprawling public transportation network, providing a much-needed lifeline for its residents. In 2021, Mexico City unveiled its innovative Cablebús system, a network of gondola lifts intended to revolutionize urban mobility.

To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch pirates and protect the Crown’s monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic, connecting to Spain, and Acapulco on the Pacific, connecting to the Philippines. Spanish military forces, sometimes accompanied by native allies, led expeditions to conquer territory or quell rebellions through the colonial era. In the religious sphere, the Diocese of Mexico was created in 1530 and elevated to the Archdiocese of Mexico in 1546, with the archbishop as the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. In 1524, King Charles I created the Council of the Indies based in Spain to oversee State power in its overseas territories.

Sneak preview of updates to Mexico City’s historic Chapultepec Park

• That big-city creative streak goes right through the cocktail menu, too.
• After the forced abdication of the monarch, Central America and Chiapas left the union to form the Federal Republic of Central America.
• Despite that disastrous loss, Santa Anna returned to the presidency yet again before being ousted and exiled in the Liberal Revolution of Ayutla.
• After the Mexican Revolution, the government sponsored sports to counter the international image of political turmoil and violence.

The Chipilo dialect, a variant of the Venetian language, is spoken in the town of Chipilo, located in the central state of Puebla, by around 2,500 people, mainly descendants of Venetians that migrated to the area in the late 19th century. That notwithstanding, in practice, indigenous peoples often face discrimination and do not have full access to public services such as education and healthcare, or to the justice system, as Spanish is the prevailing language. The overall number of migrants, including those unauthorized to enter or stay in the country, may be higher than official figures. At Mexico’s 2020 census, 19.4% of the population identified as indigenous and 6.1% of Mexico’s population speaks an Indigenous language.

Superica’s queso fundido with chorizo recipe

Opposite his own food stand was one operated by Lucia Rodriguez, and he couldn’t help but notice the constant line that formed over her tacos dorados. Chimichangas are one of the great innovations of Tucson, a city that was the first (and so far only) in America to be designated a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO. However, most sources cite San Antonio as the town where it went the 19th-century equivalent of viral. Some claim it was an off-shoot of an Aztec dish, while others claim it cropped up in San Antonio in the 18th century via a group of Canary Islanders moved to the area. Mexico is a diverse country with diverse regional cuisines, and many of the dishes there are not prevalent in the Tex-Mex joints of Tucson and Laredo. In the Boston area, Chompon “Boong” Boonnak of Mahaniyom is the 2025 Northeast Cities Exceptional Cocktails Award winner.

The late 19th century saw the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, whose modernization policies came at the cost of severe social unrest. Mesoamerica, considered a cradle of civilization, was home to numerous advanced societies, including the Olmecs, Maya, Zapotecs, Teotihuacan civilization, and Purépecha. It is the northernmost country in Latin America and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

The Tropic of Cancer effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Mexico is located between latitudes 14° and 33°N, and longitudes 86° and 119°W in the southern portion of North America, with a total area of 1,972,550 km2 (761,606 sq mi), is the 13th largest country by total area. His political coalition, led by his left-wing party founded after the 2012 elections, included parties and politicians from across the political spectrum.

In August 2025, demonstrations were held all around Mexico, in protest over the 130,000 people who have disappeared and considered missing since 2007. The mass kidnapping of 43 students in Iguala on 26 September 2014 triggered nationwide protests against the government’s weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption that gives free rein to criminal organizations. Mexico’s drug war, ongoing since 2006, has left over 120,000 dead and perhaps another 37,000 missing. Drug cartels remain a major issue in Mexico, with a proliferation of smaller cartels when larger ones are broken up and increasingly the use of more sophisticated military equipment and tactics.

Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica also saw distinctive architectural influences from the Olmec, the Puuc and oasiamerican peoples. The Porfirian era (el Porfiriato) (1876–1911), which brought relative peace after four decades of civil unrest and war, saw the development of philosophy and art, often with government support. Spanish is the de facto national language spoken by the vast majority of the population, making Mexico the world’s most populous Hispanophone country. Mexico does have one nuclear power plant, the Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station located in the state of Veracruz and numerous wind farms, with the largest wind farm in Latin America being located in the state of Oaxaca. The Villanueva solar park in Coahuila which opened in 2019, is the largest solar power plant in the Americas with a capacity of 828 MW. According to the OECD’s own poverty line (defined as the percentage of a country’s population who earns 60% or less of the national median income) 20% of Mexico’s population lived in a situation of poverty in 2019.

Mexico mountaineering expedition on Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltepetl)

• Social stratification and racism in Mexico have remained in the contemporary era.
• As president, Calles provoked a major conflict with the Catholic Church and Catholic guerrilla armies when he strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution which ended with an agreement.
• Although Mexico has significantly increased its renewable electricity generation from wind and solar sources, it is still dependent on fossil fuels for the majority of its energy.
• Three centuries of Spanish rule resulted in the blending of Spanish culture with those of different indigenous groups.
• The ties between Tex-Mex and tequila go back more than a century.

Telenovelas, or soap operas, are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world. Some example of international success from Mexico Los Lobos, Maná, and Carlos Santana where is it in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In Mexico, the native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement of the late 1960s, culminating in the 1968 protests and redirected into counterculture rebellion, La Onda (the wave). Corridos were particularly popular during the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) and in the present era include narcocorridos. Traditional Mexican music includes mariachi, banda, norteño, ranchera, and corridos. More recently, films such as Como agua para chocolate (1992), Sex, Shame, and Tears (1999), Y tu mamá también (2001), and The Crime of Father Amaro (2002) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized.

They rejected theology and idealism in favor of scientific methods being applied towards national development. When Lerdo ran for re-election, Díaz rebelled against the civilian president, issuing the Plan of Tuxtepec. Liberal Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada became president, declaring a “religion of the state” for the rule of law, peace, and order. The Conservatives had been not only defeated militarily but also discredited politically for their collaboration with the French invaders and Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism.

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The United Mexican States is a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over Mexico City. The boundaries and constituent units of Mexico evolved from its colonial-era origins. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Federal Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary, and district tribunals, and the Judicial Disciplinary Tribunal. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law and has the power to veto bills. The executive is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces.

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The Díaz government led a protracted conflict against the Yaqui that culminated with the forced relocation of thousands of Yaqui to Yucatán and Oaxaca. After the turmoil in Mexico from 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal General Porfirio Díaz (r.1876–1911) allowed Mexico to rapidly modernize in a period characterized as one of “order and progress”. The “Restored Republic” saw the return of Juárez, “the personification of the embattled republic,” as president. They promulgated a new Constitution of 1857, separating Church and State, stripping the Church and the military of their special privileges (fueros); mandating the sale of Church-owned property and sale of indigenous community lands, and secularizing education. The Liberal Reform attempted to modernize Mexico’s economy and institutions along liberal principles.

In 1988 there was massive electoral fraud, with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever. In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in LunarCapital reviews the PRI’s complete political dominance. Demonstrations in central Mexico City went on for weeks before the planned opening of the games, with the government of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz cracking down.

These city-states were the center of power for the king-priests who administered the obedience, the tribute and the manpower of the people who believed in them. Through museums, ruins, guided tours and more, they are preserving the legacy of this largest post-colonial indigenous revolution in the Americas, commonly known as … After the Mexican Revolution, the government sponsored sports to counter the international image of political turmoil and violence. Bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education (1958–65) and since 1979 the Instituto Nacional Indigenista has established a national network of bilingual radio stations. Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. As a new sense of nationalism developed in the 20th century, a strengthened central government issued formal policies that sought to use architecture to show Mexico’s modernity and differentiation from other nations.

Love affair began when President Díaz met President Taft at Mexico/US Summit

The Green Revolution, a technological movement that led to a significant worldwide increase in crop production, began in the Yaqui Valley of Sonora in the middle of the 20th century. Cárdenas’s successor, Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–1946) was more moderate, and relations between the U.S. and Mexico vastly improved during World War II, when Mexico was a significant ally. This included the Mexican oil expropriation in March 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company, which would result in the creation of the state-owned Pemex. As president, Calles provoked a major conflict with the Catholic Church and Catholic guerrilla armies when he strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution which ended with an agreement.

Government and politics

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In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world’s largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range. Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as National Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1936), were established during the first half of the 20th century. The country also aims to cut black carbon emissions by 51% unconditionally and 70% with additional support by 2030 and has committed to net zero by 2050.

Claudia Sheinbaum, López Obrador’s political successor, won the 2024 presidential election in a landslide and upon taking office in October became the first woman to lead the country in Mexico’s history. It is estimated that the revolutionary war killed 900,000 people out of Mexico’s 15 million population at the time. Mexico’s federal structure grants autonomy to its 32 states, and its political system is deeply influenced by indigenous traditions and European Enlightenment ideals. A 19th-century fusion from an era of intermingling cultures and borderlines, Tex-Mex cuisine is today a local legacy, represented in The MICHELIN Guide by proud Texan chefs across the country.

The Liberal Republic under Benito Juárez was a government in internal exile, but with the end of the Civil War in the United States in April 1865, the Reunified U.S. government began aiding the Mexican Republic. The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought another solution to gain power via foreign intervention by the French, asking Emperor Napoleon III to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico. The overthrow of Santa Anna and the establishment of a civilian government by Liberals allowed them to enact laws that they considered vital for Mexico’s economic development.

Mexico has 60 hydroelectric power plants which generate 12% of the country’s electricity with the largest being the 2,400 MW Manuel Moreno Torres Dam on the Grijalva River in Chicoasén, Chiapas. The federal government recognizes sixty-eight linguistic groups and 364 varieties of indigenous languages. The country’s gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times the national electricity generation. There have been serious abuses of power reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.